Paper · 34099656

Towards an engineering theory of evolution.

Castle SD and 2 others. Nat Commun, 2021. Cited by 48 papers, by iCite.

11 sourcespapers-2026-11-12-0.1.0

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ConductScience Library. Towards an engineering theory of evolution. Papers, record 34099656. Release papers-2026-11-12-0.1.0, 12 Nov 2026. https://conductscience.org/library/papers/34099656

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Paper

PubMed's record of the paper, with iCite's citation figures. No abstract is shown.

Title: Towards an engineering theory of evolution.; PubMed
Journal: Nat Commun; PubMed
Year: 2021; PubMed
Publication types: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Review; PubMed
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34099656/; PubMed
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23573-3; PubMed
PMC: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8185075/; PubMed
The journal: https://conductscience.org/library/journal-index/101528555; PubMed
Citations, by iCite: 48; iCite
Relative citation ratio, by iCite: 2.51; iCite
Revised in PubMed: 2024-04-02; PubMed

Authors3

The authors in the order PubMed's record lists them, with the ORCID iDs it states.

Order	Author	Forename	ORCID iD
1	Castle SD	Simeon D	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-6142
2	Grierson CS	Claire S	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4000-0975
3	Gorochowski TE	Thomas E	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1702-786X

Source PubMed

Topics5

NLM's MeSH indexing of the paper, its major topics first.

MeSH term	Major
Bioengineering	Major topic
Biological Evolution	Major topic
Biotechnology
Phenotype
Synthetic Biology

Source PubMed

Grants1

Each grant PubMed's record writes, matched to the NIH project NIH's grant and paper links name for this paper, and each of those links the record does not write.

Grant, as the record writes it	Agency	Country	NIH project	Stated by
BB/L01386X/1	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council	United Kingdom		PubMed

Source PubMed

Trials0

The trials whose ClinicalTrials.gov record lists the paper, and the trial numbers the paper's PubMed record names.

None in this release.

Comments and corrections0

PubMed's comments and corrections, NLM's own indexing: retractions first, then expressions of concern, errata and updates, and comments last.

None in this release.

References117

The papers the reference list in PubMed's record names, those in our copy of PubMed, in the list's order.

Order	PMID	Title	Journal	Year	In Papers	Source
1	31,217,585	A universal biomolecular integral feedback controller for robust perfect adaptation.	Nature	2019	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/31217585	PubMed
2	25,279,711	Directed Evolution of a Panel of Orthogonal T7 RNA Polymerase Variants for in Vivo or in Vitro Synthetic Circuitry.	ACS Synth Biol	2015	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/25279711	PubMed
3	16,713,653	Evo-devo and constraints on selection.	Trends Ecol Evol	2006	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/16713653	PubMed
4	28,280,199	Design of a synthetic yeast genome.	Science	2017	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/28280199	PubMed
5	30,201,776	Synthetic circuits reveal how mechanisms of gene regulatory networks constrain evolution.	Mol Syst Biol	2018	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/30201776	PubMed
6	27,189,564	How Good Are Statistical Models at Approximating Complex Fitness Landscapes?	Mol Biol Evol	2016	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/27189564	PubMed
7	21,478,873	A system for the continuous directed evolution of biomolecules.	Nature	2011	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/21478873	PubMed
8	9,788,996	Directed evolution of a thermostable esterase.	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	1998	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/9788996	PubMed
9	8,662,562	Emergence of preferred structures in a simple model of protein folding.	Science	1996	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/8662562	PubMed
10	29,138,304	Refactoring the Genetic Code for Increased Evolvability.	mBio	2017	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/29138304	PubMed

1 to 10 of 117

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Cited by44

The papers in our copy of PubMed whose reference list names this one, newest first. iCite, which reads more sources, counts 48 citations.

PMID	Title	Journal	Year	In Papers	Source
42,817,818	Synthetic Approaches as Empirical Tools for Testing Evolutionary Theory.	Genome Biol Evol	2026	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/42817818	PubMed
42,691,096	Sequence-free landscape inference for directed evolution.	PLoS Comput Biol	2026	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/42691096	PubMed
42,624,720	Coarse-grained resource allocation modeling for decoding and rewiring microbial metabolism.	Trends Microbiol	2026	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/42624720	PubMed
42,496,604	Comparative Biologists and Aerospace Engineers: Important Allies to Explore the Secrets of Natural Flight.	Integr Comp Biol	2026	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/42496604	PubMed
41,995,898	RNA-templated diversity generation via reverse transcription and homologous recombination: an evolutionary hypothesis.	Theory Biosci	2026	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/41995898	PubMed
41,867,488	Biocomputation: Moving Beyond Turing with Living Cellular Computers.	Commun ACM	2024	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/41867488	PubMed
41,839,899	Generative design of synthetic gene circuits for functional and evolutionary properties.	NPJ Syst Biol Appl	2026	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/41839899	PubMed
41,577,703	iDesignGPT enhances conceptual design via large language model agentic workflows.	Nat Commun	2026	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/41577703	PubMed
41,492,658	Emerging trends in genome integration tools for precision engineering of diverse bacterial species.	Synth Biol (Oxf)	2025	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/41492658	PubMed
41,477,590	Bioengineering hybrid artificial life.	Front Bioinform	2025	https://conductscience.org/library/papers/41477590	PubMed

1 to 10 of 44

See all 44 cited by

Genes0

The genes the Gene search release ties to the paper: Swiss-Prot's references first, then PubTator's text mining.

None in this release.

Drugs0

The drugs whose trials, in the Pipelines release, list the paper.

None in this release.

Data0

The data bank entries PubMed's record names. Trial numbers are under Trials.

None in this release.

Data dates

The date of each source this release read.

PubMed: 2026-11-06; PubMed
iCite: 2026-11-05; iCite
PMC's ID file: 2026-11-05; PMC's ID file
NIH RePORTER's grant and paper links: 2026-11-01; NIH RePORTER's grant and paper links
Trials: 2026-11-12
Gene search: 2026-11-11
Pipelines: 2026-09-18

Sources 11

ChEMBL, through Open TargetsCC BY-SA 3.0
ClinicalTrials.govNo license stated
HGNCCC0
iCiteCC BY 4.0
NCBI GenePublic domain (US government)
NIH RePORTER's grant and paper linksPublic domain
Open TargetsCC0 1.0
PMC's ID filePublic domain (US government)
PubMedNLM's terms
PubTator 3Public domain
UniProtCC BY 4.0

Each source's terms

ChEMBL, through Open TargetsCC BY-SA 3.0, for the parts from ChEMBL. Read on 8 Nov 2026 at https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
ClinicalTrials.govnone stated
HGNCCC0: https://www.genenames.org/about/license/
iCiteCC BY 4.0
NCBI GeneNone named for the file. NCBI says information created by or for the US government on its site is in the public domain, and asks that NLM be acknowledged: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/about/policies/
NIH RePORTER's grant and paper linksPublic domain (NIH RePORTER)
Open TargetsCC0 1.0. Open Targets asks that users cite its latest paper: Buniello et al. 2025, Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery, Nucleic Acids Research 53(D1):D1467, PMID 39657122. Read on 8 Nov 2026 at https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
PMC's ID fileNone named for the file. NCBI says information created by or for the US government on its site is in the public domain, and asks that NLM be acknowledged: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/about/policies/
PubMedNLM's terms
PubTator 3Public domain
UniProtCC BY 4.0. UniProt's licence file: "All databases and documents in the UniProt FTP directory may be copied and redistributed freely, without advance permission, provided that this copyright statement is reproduced with each copy." UniProt asks that users cite its latest paper: The UniProt Consortium, UniProt: the Universal Protein Knowledgebase in 2025, Nucleic Acids Research 53:D609-D617, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae1010. Read on 9 Nov 2026 at https://www.uniprot.org/help/license

ClinicalTrials.gov's data carry an international copyright outside the United States: https://clinicaltrials.gov/about-site/terms-conditions.

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