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Management of Chronic Low Back Pain in Older Adults Using Auricular Point Acupressure

NCT03589703, Not applicable, Completed, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; results first posted 2024-04-24

Trial 11

As registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, in the graph's capture of the registry.

FieldValueSource
TitleManagement of Chronic Low Back Pain in Older Adults Using Auricular Point AcupressureClinicalTrials.gov
NCT numberNCT03589703ClinicalTrials.gov
StatusCompletedClinicalTrials.gov
PhasesNot applicableClinicalTrials.gov
Enrollment272 participants, actualClinicalTrials.gov
Lead sponsorThe University of Texas Health Science Center, HoustonClinicalTrials.gov
ConditionsChronic Low Back PainClinicalTrials.gov
InterventionsTarget ear points related to chronic low back pain (T-APA), Non-Target ear Points not related to chronic low back pain (NT-APA), Enhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)ClinicalTrials.gov
First posted2018-07-18ClinicalTrials.gov
Last updated2024-04-24ClinicalTrials.gov
Results first posted2024-04-24ClinicalTrials.gov

Registered outcomes 24

Each outcome the trial registered, primary first, in ClinicalTrials.gov's words.

ListOutcomeTime frameDescriptionSource
PrimaryPain Intensity as Assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)BaselinePain intensity as assessed by the NRS for worst pain in the past 7 days using a 0-10 scale (0 = "no pain" and 10 = "worst pain imaginable")ClinicalTrials.gov
PrimaryPain Intensity as Assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Pain intensity as assessed by the NRS for worst pain in the past 7 days using a 0-10 scale (0 = "no pain" and 10 = "worst pain imaginable")ClinicalTrials.gov
PrimaryPain Interference as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory-short Form Pain Interference SubscaleBaselinePain interference is assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory pain interference subscale, which uses a 0-10 scale (0 = "does not interfere" and 10 = "completely interferes").ClinicalTrials.gov
PrimaryPain Interference as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory-short Form Pain Interference Subscale1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Pain interference is assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory pain interference subscale, which uses a 0-10 scale (0 = "does not interfere" and 10 = "completely interferes").ClinicalTrials.gov
PrimaryPhysical Function as Assessed by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)Baseline
The Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), 24-item measure, is used to assess the impact of back pain on their daily functioning. The score ranges from 0 (no disability) to 24 (maximum disability).
ClinicalTrials.gov
PrimaryPhysical Function as Assessed by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)
The Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), 24-item measure, is used to assess the impact of back pain on their daily functioning. The score ranges from 0 (no disability) to 24 (maximum disability).
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryNumber of Participants Who Use OpioidsBaselineClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryNumber of Participants Who Use Opioids1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryAPA Treatment Satisfaction as Assessed by Satisfaction Surveyimmediately post intervention (1 month after baseline)
Satisfaction is assessed using a 5-point numeric rating scale: 1. \- Completely satisfied 2. \- Somewhat satisfied 3. \- Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4. \- Somewhat dissatisfied 5. \- Very dissatisfied
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryAPA Treatment Satisfaction as Assessed by Satisfaction Survey1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)
Satisfaction is assessed using a 5-point numeric rating scale: 1. \- Completely satisfied 2. \- Somewhat satisfied 3. \- Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4. \- Somewhat dissatisfied 5. \- Very dissatisfied
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - AnxietyBaseline
The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) is a 29-item profile instrument that can be used to assess seven subscales of health quality of life (QOL) for each of 7 domains-this outcome measure reports one of the 7 domains, anxiety. The raw score on the anxiety subscale is converted to a standardized T-score. T-score is reported here, and it ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher PROMIS T-score representing more of the concept being measured, that is, greater anxiety. PROMIS uses a T-score metric in which 50 is the mean of a relevant reference population and 10 is the standard deviation (SD) of that population; therefore, an anxiety T-score of 40 is one SD better than average in terms of anxiety. A T-score below 55 is indicative of anxiety within normal limits.
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - Anxiety1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)
The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) is a 29-item profile instrument that can be used to assess seven subscales of health quality of life (QOL) for each of 7 domains-this outcome measure reports one of the 7 domains, anxiety. The raw score on the anxiety subscale is converted to a standardized T-score. T-score is reported here, and it ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher PROMIS T-score representing more of the concept being measured, that is, greater anxiety. PROMIS uses a T-score metric in which 50 is the mean of a relevant reference population and 10 is the standard deviation (SD) of that population; therefore, an anxiety T-score of 40 is one SD better than average in terms of anxiety. A T-score below 55 is indicative of anxiety within normal limits.
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - DepressionBaseline
The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) is a 29-item profile instrument that can be used to assess seven subscales of health quality of life (QOL) for each of 7 domains-this outcome measure reports one of the 7 domains, depression. The raw score on the depression subscale is converted to a standardized T-score. T-score is reported here, and it ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher PROMIS T-score representing more of the concept being measured, that is, greater depression. PROMIS uses a T-score metric in which 50 is the mean of a relevant reference population and 10 is the standard deviation (SD) of that population; therefore, a depression T-score of 40 is one SD better than average in terms of depression. A T-score below 55 is indicative of depression within normal limits.
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - Depression1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)
The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) is a 29-item profile instrument that can be used to assess seven subscales of health quality of life (QOL) for each of 7 domains-this outcome measure reports one of the 7 domains, depression. The raw score on the depression subscale is converted to a standardized T-score. T-score is reported here, and it ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher PROMIS T-score representing more of the concept being measured, that is, greater depression. PROMIS uses a T-score metric in which 50 is the mean of a relevant reference population and 10 is the standard deviation (SD) of that population; therefore, a depression T-score of 40 is one SD better than average in terms of depression. A T-score below 55 is indicative of depression within normal limits.
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - Sleep DisturbanceBaseline
The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) is a 29-item profile instrument that can be used to assess seven subscales of health quality of life (QOL) for each of 7 domains-this outcome measure reports one of the 7 domains, sleep disturbance. The raw score on the sleep disturbance subscale is converted to a standardized T-score. T-score is reported here, and it ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher PROMIS T-score representing more of the concept being measured, that is, greater sleep disturbance. PROMIS uses a T-score metric in which 50 is the mean of a relevant reference population and 10 is the standard deviation (SD) of that population; therefore, a sleep disturbance T-score of 40 is one SD better than average in terms of sleep disturbance. A T-score below 55 is indicative of sleep disturbance within normal limits.
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - Sleep Disturbance1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)
The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) is a 29-item profile instrument that can be used to assess seven subscales of health quality of life (QOL) for each of 7 domains-this outcome measure reports one of the 7 domains, sleep disturbance. The raw score on the sleep disturbance subscale is converted to a standardized T-score. T-score is reported here, and it ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher PROMIS T-score representing more of the concept being measured, that is, greater sleep disturbance. PROMIS uses a T-score metric in which 50 is the mean of a relevant reference population and 10 is the standard deviation (SD) of that population; therefore, a sleep disturbance T-score of 40 is one SD better than average in terms of sleep disturbance. A T-score below 55 is indicative of sleep disturbance within normal limits.
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryFear-Avoidance as Assessed by the Fear-avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ)Baseline
The fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) focuses on participant's beliefs about how physical activity and work affect their pain. The questionnaire consists of 16 items in which a participant rates their agreement with each statement on a 7-point Likert scale where 0 = completely disagree and 6 =completely agree. The total score ranges from 0 to 96. A higher score indicates more strongly held fear-avoidance beliefs.
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryFear-Avoidance as Assessed by the Fear-avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ)1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)
The fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) focuses on participant's beliefs about how physical activity and work affect their pain. The questionnaire consists of 16 items in which a participant rates their agreement with each statement on a 7-point Likert scale where 0 = completely disagree and 6 =completely agree. The total score ranges from 0 to 96. A higher score indicates more strongly held fear-avoidance beliefs.
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryPain Catastrophizing as Assessed by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)Baseline
The PCS was included to detect exaggerated and negative interpretations of pain. It is a self-report scale that consists of13 items. Participants were asked to reflect on past painful experiences and to indicate to which degree he/she experienced symptoms such as helplessness or rumination when feeling pain. This is a 0-4 Likert scale (score sum 0-52) with responses ranging from "not at all" to "all the time," with higher scores indicate stronger catastrophizing.
ClinicalTrials.gov
SecondaryPain Catastrophizing as Assessed by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)
The PCS was included to detect exaggerated and negative interpretations of pain. It is a self-report scale that consists of13 items. Participants were asked to reflect on past painful experiences and to indicate to which degree he/she experienced symptoms such as helplessness or rumination when feeling pain. This is a 0-4 Likert scale (score sum 0-52) with responses ranging from "not at all" to "all the time," with higher scores indicate stronger catastrophizing.
ClinicalTrials.gov

Outcomes 24

Each outcome the trial posted results for, in ClinicalTrials.gov's words.

TypeOutcomeTime framePopulationUnitsMeasured asSource
PRIMARYPain Intensity as Assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)Baselinescore on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov
PRIMARYPain Intensity as Assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Data were not collected for 11 in the T-APA arm, 19 in the NT-APA arm, and 20 in the Control arm.score on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov
PRIMARYPain Interference as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory-short Form Pain Interference SubscaleBaselinescore on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov
PRIMARYPain Interference as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory-short Form Pain Interference Subscale1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Data were not collected for 11 in the T-APA arm, 19 in the NT-APA arm, and 20 in the Control arm.score on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov
PRIMARYPhysical Function as Assessed by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)Baselinescore on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov
PRIMARYPhysical Function as Assessed by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Data were not collected for 11 in the T-APA arm, 19 in the NT-APA arm, and 18 in the Control arm.score on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYNumber of Participants Who Use OpioidsBaselineParticipantsCOUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTSClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYNumber of Participants Who Use Opioids1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Data were not collected for 17 in the T-APA arm, 29 in the NT-APA arm, and 20 in the control arm.ParticipantsCOUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTSClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYAPA Treatment Satisfaction as Assessed by Satisfaction Surveyimmediately post intervention (1 month after baseline)Data were not collected for 11 in the T-APA arm and 17 in the NT-APA arm. These data were not collected for any of the 89 in the control arm, as they did not receive the APA treatment.score on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYAPA Treatment Satisfaction as Assessed by Satisfaction Survey1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Data were not collected for 17 in the T-APA arm and 29 in the NT-APA arm. These data were not collected for any of the 89 in the control arm, as they did not receive the APA treatment.score on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - AnxietyBaselineT-scoreMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - Anxiety1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Data were not collected for 11 in the T-APA arm, 19 in the NT-APA arm, and 20 in the Control arm.T-scoreMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - DepressionBaselineT-scoreMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - Depression1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Data were not collected for 11 in the T-APA arm, 19 in the NT-APA arm, and 20 in the Control arm.T-scoreMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - Sleep DisturbanceBaselineT-scoreMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYQuality of Life as Assessed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) - Sleep Disturbance1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Data were not collected for 11 in the T-APA arm, 19 in the NT-APA arm, and 20 in the Control arm.T-scoreMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYFear-Avoidance as Assessed by the Fear-avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ)Baselinescore on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYFear-Avoidance as Assessed by the Fear-avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ)1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Data were not collected for 11 in the T-APA arm, 29 in the NT-APA arm, and 21 in the Control arm.score on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYPain Catastrophizing as Assessed by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)Baselinescore on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov
SECONDARYPain Catastrophizing as Assessed by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)1 month post completion of the treatment (2 months after baseline)Data were not collected for 11 in the T-APA arm, 19 in the NT-APA arm, and 21 in the Control arm.score on a scaleMEANClinicalTrials.gov

Results by group 58

Each measurement the trial posted, group by group, in the words and numbers it posted.

OutcomeGroupCategoryValueSpreadUnitsSource
Pain Intensity as Assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)T-APA7.4Standard Deviation 1.7score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Pain Intensity as Assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)NT-APA7.0Standard Deviation 1.8score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Pain Intensity as Assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)Enhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)7.3Standard Deviation 1.7score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Pain Intensity as Assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)T-APA5.6Standard Deviation 2.7score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Pain Intensity as Assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)NT-APA5.3Standard Deviation 2.7score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Pain Intensity as Assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)Enhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)6.6Standard Deviation 2.2score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Pain Interference as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory-short Form Pain Interference SubscaleT-APA3.2Standard Deviation 1.7score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Pain Interference as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory-short Form Pain Interference SubscaleNT-APA3.3Standard Deviation 1.7score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Pain Interference as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory-short Form Pain Interference SubscaleEnhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)3.1Standard Deviation 1.6score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Pain Interference as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory-short Form Pain Interference SubscaleT-APA2.7Standard Deviation 1.9score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Pain Interference as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory-short Form Pain Interference SubscaleNT-APA2.5Standard Deviation 1.6score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Pain Interference as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory-short Form Pain Interference SubscaleEnhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)2.9Standard Deviation 1.7score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Physical Function as Assessed by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)T-APA12.4Standard Deviation 5.3score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Physical Function as Assessed by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)NT-APA12.6Standard Deviation 6.2score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Physical Function as Assessed by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)Enhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)12.0Standard Deviation 5.9score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Physical Function as Assessed by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)T-APA9.8Standard Deviation 6.2score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Physical Function as Assessed by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)NT-APA9.6Standard Deviation 6.6score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Physical Function as Assessed by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)Enhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)10.5Standard Deviation 5.8score on a scaleClinicalTrials.gov
Number of Participants Who Use OpioidsT-APA44ParticipantsClinicalTrials.gov
Number of Participants Who Use OpioidsNT-APA45ParticipantsClinicalTrials.gov

Participant flow 12

How many started, completed or left each group, period by period.

PeriodMilestoneGroupParticipantsUnits countedSource
Overall StudySTARTEDT-APA92ClinicalTrials.gov
Overall StudySTARTEDNT-APA91ClinicalTrials.gov
Overall StudySTARTEDEnhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)89ClinicalTrials.gov
Overall StudyCompleted Follow up 1 Month Post-interventionT-APA81ClinicalTrials.gov
Overall StudyCompleted Follow up 1 Month Post-interventionNT-APA68ClinicalTrials.gov
Overall StudyCompleted Follow up 1 Month Post-interventionEnhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)71ClinicalTrials.gov
Overall StudyCOMPLETEDT-APA81ClinicalTrials.gov
Overall StudyCOMPLETEDNT-APA68ClinicalTrials.gov
Overall StudyCOMPLETEDEnhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)71ClinicalTrials.gov
Overall StudyNOT COMPLETEDT-APA11ClinicalTrials.gov
Overall StudyNOT COMPLETEDNT-APA23ClinicalTrials.gov
Overall StudyNOT COMPLETEDEnhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)18ClinicalTrials.gov

Adverse events 3

Each adverse event the trial posted, group by group: the participants affected out of those at risk.

TypeEventOrgan systemGroupAffectedAt riskEventsSource
otherItching/Discomfort on the ear where the seed was placedGeneral disordersT-APA6992183ClinicalTrials.gov
otherItching/Discomfort on the ear where the seed was placedGeneral disordersNT-APA4891112ClinicalTrials.gov
otherItching/Discomfort on the ear where the seed was placedGeneral disordersEnhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)0890ClinicalTrials.gov

Adverse event totals 9

The totals the trial posted for each group.

TotalGroupAffectedAt riskSource
Total, all-cause mortalityT-APA092ClinicalTrials.gov
Total, all-cause mortalityNT-APA091ClinicalTrials.gov
Total, all-cause mortalityEnhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)089ClinicalTrials.gov
Total, other adverse eventsT-APA6992ClinicalTrials.gov
Total, other adverse eventsNT-APA4891ClinicalTrials.gov
Total, other adverse eventsEnhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)089ClinicalTrials.gov
Total, serious adverse eventsT-APA092ClinicalTrials.gov
Total, serious adverse eventsNT-APA091ClinicalTrials.gov
Total, serious adverse eventsEnhanced Educational Control Group (CG-2)089ClinicalTrials.gov

Papers 5

The papers the trial lists on ClinicalTrials.gov.

PMIDListed asSource
31959226DERIVEDPubMed
40152243DERIVEDPubMed
41170529DERIVEDPubMed
41462220DERIVEDPubMed
41780915DERIVEDPubMed

Grants 1

The grants NIH RePORTER links to the trial, newest funded first: NIH's, and some of AHRQ's, CDC's, FDA's and VA's. Each shows its title, principal investigators, organization and funder in its newest year.

ProjectTitlePrincipal investigatorsOrganizationFunderFiscal yearsSource
R01AG056587Management of Chronic Low Back Pain in Older Adults Using Auricular Point AcupressureJOHNSON, CONSTANCE MARGARET; LUKKAHATAI, NADAUNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HLTH SCI CTR HOUSTONNATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING2018 to 2022NIH RePORTER

Trial comparisons 0

Comparisons of the trial's two groups, calculated by ConductScience from the counts it posted.

ComparisonSource

Tests 1

The ConductCognition tests this trial's registered outcomes name, as ScienceGraph matched them in trial-tests-2026-11-12-0.2.1.

TestNamed asSource
Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary outcomeConductCognition

Source 5

FieldValueSource
Releasetrials-2026-11-12-0.4.0ClinicalTrials.gov
Release manifest SHA-2560f4a8d8c48aee2a7573ae0fa94ecbeab70c1adbe449bbc95c424bc7d3e97b9d4ClinicalTrials.gov
Registry capture2026-11-12ClinicalTrials.gov
Results copy, AACT2026-03-23ClinicalTrials.gov
NIH clinical studies file2026-11-13ClinicalTrials.gov

The same record as JSON

Release trials-2026-11-12-0.4.0

ClinicalTrials.gov's posted results, through CTTI's AACT: ClinicalTrials.gov data via Aggregate Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov (AACT), CTTI. CTTI makes its materials freely available and requests acknowledgement. https://aact.ctti-clinicaltrials.org/documentation/299 ClinicalTrials.gov's data carry an international copyright outside the United States: https://clinicaltrials.gov/about-site/terms-conditions.

ClinicalTrials.gov: none stated ClinicalTrials.gov's data carry an international copyright outside the United States: https://clinicaltrials.gov/about-site/terms-conditions.

NIH RePORTER's clinical studies and project files: Public domain (NIH RePORTER)