Structure Learning Training and Cognitive Flexibility
NCT05611788, Not applicable, Completed, Nanyang Technological University
Trial 10
As registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, in the graph's capture of the registry.
| Field | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Title | Structure Learning Training and Cognitive Flexibility | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| NCT number | NCT05611788 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Status | Completed | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Phases | Not applicable | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Enrollment | 108 participants, actual | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Lead sponsor | Nanyang Technological University | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Conditions | Healthy | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Interventions | Structure Learning Training | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| First posted | 2022-11-10 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Last updated | 2025-05-28 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
Registered outcomes 96
Each outcome the trial registered, primary first, in ClinicalTrials.gov's words.
| List | Outcome | Time frame | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Structure Learning Outcome 1 - Performance Index (PI) Relative | Across two weeks of intervention | Performance index (PI) is the minimum overlap between the distribution of participant responses and the distribution of presented targets per context. The overall PI is then the average of the performance indices across contexts. The PI relative is a normalised PI measure that quantifies participant's performance relative to random guessing. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Structure Learning Outcome 2 - Strategy choice | Across two weeks of intervention | Strategy choice is the difference between the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence from model matching to the response-based model and the KL divergence from model maximization to the response-based model. Negative strategy choice values indicate a strategy closer to matching, whereas positive values indicate a strategy closer to maximization. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Structure Learning Outcome 3 - Strategy index (measured by the integral curve difference) | Across two weeks of intervention. | Derived by calculating the integral of each participant's strategy curve and subtracting it from the integral of the exact matching curve, as defined by model matching across training. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Structure Learning Outcome 4 - Learning rate | Across two weeks of intervention. | Rate of learning across the training sessions or days | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Structure Learning Outcome 5 - Strategy shifting rate | Across two weeks of intervention. | Rate of strategy change across the training sessions or days | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 1 - Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST): Proportion of perseverative errors | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | Proportion of error trials where participants incorrectly choose a deck based on the rule from the previous set | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 2 - Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST): Learning rate | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | This is a parameter extracted from a sequential learning model fitted to WCST data and represents how quickly participants updated their beliefs about the values associated with choices following respective negative and positive feedback. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 3 - Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST): Decision consistency | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | This is a parameter extracted from a sequential learning model fitted to WCST data and influenced the estimated probability of choosing a specific stimulus per trial. Larger values indicated increased exploitation whereas lower values indicated increased exploration. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 4 - Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shifting (IED): Extra-dimensional set errors | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | The number of times that the subject failed to select the stimulus compatible with the current rule on the stage where the extra-dimensional shift occurs. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 5 - Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shifting (IED): Extra-dimensional reversal errors | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | This is the total number of errors made in Stage 9. The lower the better. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 6 - Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shifting (IED): Learning rate | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | Parameter extracted from Feature Reinforcement Model | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 7 - Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shifting (IED): Choice determinism | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | Parameter extracted from Feature Reinforcement Model | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 8 - Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shifting (IED): Dimension primacy | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | Parameter extracted from Feature Reinforcement Model | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 9 - Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL): Perseveration | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | Number of trials until the participant updates their response after the rule reversal. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 10 - Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL): Switch probability | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | Number of switches in the participant responses following negative feedback (i.e. trap trials: when the less likely object is correct). | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 11 - Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL): Trials to criterion in block 2 (Reversal) | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | Number of trials before participant reach defined learning criterion during the Reversal phase | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 12 - Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL): Learning rates | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | Parameter extracted from the Reinforcement Learning Model based on the Rescorla-Wagner rule. Two learning rates i.e., one for positive error/reward and one for negative error/punishment can be extracted from the model. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 13 - Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL): Reinforcement sensitivity | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | Parameter extracted from the Reinforcement Learning Model based on the Rescorla-Wagner rule. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 14 - Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL): Stickiness | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | Parameter extracted from the Reinforcement Learning Model based on the Rescorla-Wagner rule. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility Outcome 15 - Task Set Switching - Where (TSS-Where): Task switch cost in RT | One week after post-MRI scan (post-intervention) | Switch cost in terms of reaction time (ms) is defined as the difference between the mean reaction time across switch trials with that of repeat trials | ClinicalTrials.gov |
Outcomes 0
Each outcome the trial posted results for, in ClinicalTrials.gov's words.
| Type | Outcome | Time frame | Population | Units | Measured as | Source |
|---|
Results by group 0
Each measurement the trial posted, group by group, in the words and numbers it posted.
| Outcome | Group | Category | Value | Spread | Units | Source |
|---|
Participant flow 0
How many started, completed or left each group, period by period.
| Period | Milestone | Group | Participants | Units counted | Source |
|---|
Adverse events 0
Each adverse event the trial posted, group by group: the participants affected out of those at risk.
| Type | Event | Organ system | Group | Affected | At risk | Events | Source |
|---|
Adverse event totals 0
The totals the trial posted for each group.
| Total | Group | Affected | At risk | Source |
|---|
Papers 14
The papers the trial lists on ClinicalTrials.gov.
| PMID | Listed as | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 14669898 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 19840052 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 22440805 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 26343956 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 27251123 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 28676784 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 28760866 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 28923313 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 28973111 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 30027110 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 30319500 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 30873437 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 33536614 | BACKGROUND | PubMed |
| 37568212 | DERIVED | PubMed |
Grants 0
The grants NIH RePORTER links to the trial, newest funded first: NIH's, and some of AHRQ's, CDC's, FDA's and VA's. Each shows its title, principal investigators, organization and funder in its newest year.
| Project | Title | Principal investigators | Organization | Funder | Fiscal years | Source |
|---|
Trial comparisons 0
Comparisons of the trial's two groups, calculated by ConductScience from the counts it posted.
| Comparison | Source |
|---|
Tests 16
The ConductCognition tests this trial's registered outcomes name, as ScienceGraph matched them in trial-tests-2026-11-12-0.2.1.
| Test | Named as | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Card Sorting Test (Berg) | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Digit Span Test | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Probabilistic Reversal Learning | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Reading Span Task | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Stop-Signal Task | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Stroop Color-Word Test | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Task Switching Test | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Trail Making Test A | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Trail Making Test B | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Alternative Uses Task | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Block Copy Test | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Matrix Reasoning | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Remote Associates Test | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Social Value Orientation | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Trust Game | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Verbal Fluency | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
Source 5
| Field | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Release | trials-2026-11-12-0.4.0 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Release manifest SHA-256 | 0f4a8d8c48aee2a7573ae0fa94ecbeab70c1adbe449bbc95c424bc7d3e97b9d4 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Registry capture | 2026-11-12 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Results copy, AACT | 2026-03-23 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| NIH clinical studies file | 2026-11-13 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
Release trials-2026-11-12-0.4.0
ClinicalTrials.gov's posted results, through CTTI's AACT: ClinicalTrials.gov data via Aggregate Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov (AACT), CTTI. CTTI makes its materials freely available and requests acknowledgement. https://aact.ctti-clinicaltrials.org/documentation/299 ClinicalTrials.gov's data carry an international copyright outside the United States: https://clinicaltrials.gov/about-site/terms-conditions.
ClinicalTrials.gov: none stated ClinicalTrials.gov's data carry an international copyright outside the United States: https://clinicaltrials.gov/about-site/terms-conditions.
NIH RePORTER's clinical studies and project files: Public domain (NIH RePORTER)