Investigating Cognitive Flexibility Training
NCT07556250, Not applicable, Not yet recruiting, Nanyang Technological University
Trial 10
As registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, in the graph's capture of the registry.
| Field | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Title | Investigating Cognitive Flexibility Training | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| NCT number | NCT07556250 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Status | Not yet recruiting | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Phases | Not applicable | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Enrollment | 225 participants, estimated | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Lead sponsor | Nanyang Technological University | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Conditions | Healthy | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Interventions | Experimental (Implicit Training): Structure Learning Training, Active Control (Explicit Training): 'All You Can E.T.' | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| First posted | 2026-04-29 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Last updated | 2026-04-29 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
Registered outcomes 123
Each outcome the trial registered, primary first, in ClinicalTrials.gov's words.
| List | Outcome | Time frame | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Structure Learning Outcome 1 - Performance Index (PI) Relative | Through training completion (adaptive, up to 12 days) | Performance index (PI) is the minimum overlap between the distribution of participant responses and the distribution of presented targets per context. The overall PI is then the average of the performance indices across contexts. The PI relative is a normalised PI measure that quantifies participant's performance relative to random guessing. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Structure Learning Outcome 2 - Strategy choice | Through training completion (adaptive, up to 12 days) | Strategy choice is the difference between the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence from model matching to the response-based model and the KL divergence from model maximization to the response-based model. Positive strategy choice values indicate a strategy closer to matching, whereas negative values indicate a strategy closer to maximization. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Structure Learning Outcome 3 - Strategy ICD index (measured by the integral curve difference) | Through training completion (adaptive, up to 12 days) | Derived by calculating the integral of each participant's strategy curve and subtracting it from the integral of the exact matching curve, as defined by model matching across training. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Structure Learning Outcome 4 - Learning rate | Through training completion (adaptive, up to 12 days) | Rate of learning across the training sessions or days. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Structure Learning Outcome 5 - Strategy shifting rate | Through training completion (adaptive, up to 12 days) | Rate of strategy change across the training sessions or days. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | 'All You Can E.T.' (AYCET) Outcome 1 - Accuracy | Through training completion (adaptive, up to 12 days) | Accuracy is defined as the proportion of correct responses across trials, based on whether the participant selects the correct food or drink item for each alien according to the currently active rule set (e.g., colour, shape, or appearance rules). Accuracy may be computed overall and across levels of rule complexity. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | 'All You Can E.T.' (AYCET) Outcome 2 - Response Time (RT) | Through training completion (adaptive, up to 12 days) | Response Time (RT) is defined as the latency between stimulus presentation and participant response on each trial. Mean or median RT will be computed across correct trials to index processing speed under changing rule demands. RT may also be summarized across levels of rule complexity. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 1 - Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST): Proportion of perseverative errors | Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | Proportion of error trials where participants incorrectly choose a deck based on the rule from the previous set. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 2 - Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST): Learning rate | Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | This is a parameter extracted from a sequential learning model fitted to WCST data and represents how quickly participants updated their beliefs about the values associated with choices following respective negative and positive feedback. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 3 - Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST): Decision consistency | Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | This is a parameter extracted from a sequential learning model fitted to WCST data and influenced the estimated probability of choosing a specific stimulus per trial. Larger values indicated increased exploitation whereas lower values indicated increased exploration. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 4 - Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shifting (IED): Extra-dimensional set errors | Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | The number of times that the subject failed to select the stimulus compatible with the current rule on the stage where the extra-dimensional shift occurs. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 5 - Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shifting (IED): Extra-dimensional reversal errors | Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | This is the total number of errors made in Stage 9. Lower errors mean better performance. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 6 - Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shifting (IED): Learning rate | Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | Parameter extracted from Feature Reinforcement Model. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 7 - Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shifting (IED): Choice determinism | Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | Parameter extracted from Feature Reinforcement Model. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 8 - Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shifting (IED): Dimension primacy | Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | Parameter extracted from Feature Reinforcement Model. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 9 - Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL): Perseveration | Pre-intervention (within one week before pre-MRI scan) and Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | Number of trials until the participant updates their response after the rule reversal. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 10 - Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL): Switch probability | Pre-intervention (within one week before pre-MRI scan) and Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | Number of switches in the participant responses following negative feedback (i.e. trap trials: when the less likely object is correct). | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 11 - Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL): Trials to criterion in block 2 (Reversal) | Pre-intervention (within one week before pre-MRI scan) and Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | Number of trials before participant reach defined learning criterion during the Reversal phase. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 12 - Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL): Learning rates | Pre-intervention (within one week before pre-MRI scan) and Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | Parameter extracted from the Reinforcement Learning Model based on the Rescorla-Wagner rule. Two learning rates i.e., one for positive error/reward and one for negative error/punishment can be extracted from the model. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Primary | Cognitive Flexibility (Strategy) Outcome 13 - Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL): Reinforcement sensitivity | Pre-intervention (within one week before pre-MRI scan) and Post-intervention (within one week after post-MRI scan) | Parameter extracted from the Reinforcement Learning Model based on the Rescorla-Wagner rule. | ClinicalTrials.gov |
Outcomes 0
Each outcome the trial posted results for, in ClinicalTrials.gov's words.
| Type | Outcome | Time frame | Population | Units | Measured as | Source |
|---|
Results by group 0
Each measurement the trial posted, group by group, in the words and numbers it posted.
| Outcome | Group | Category | Value | Spread | Units | Source |
|---|
Participant flow 0
How many started, completed or left each group, period by period.
| Period | Milestone | Group | Participants | Units counted | Source |
|---|
Adverse events 0
Each adverse event the trial posted, group by group: the participants affected out of those at risk.
| Type | Event | Organ system | Group | Affected | At risk | Events | Source |
|---|
Adverse event totals 0
The totals the trial posted for each group.
| Total | Group | Affected | At risk | Source |
|---|
Papers 5
The papers the trial lists on ClinicalTrials.gov.
Grants 0
The grants NIH RePORTER links to the trial, newest funded first: NIH's, and some of AHRQ's, CDC's, FDA's and VA's. Each shows its title, principal investigators, organization and funder in its newest year.
| Project | Title | Principal investigators | Organization | Funder | Fiscal years | Source |
|---|
Trial comparisons 0
Comparisons of the trial's two groups, calculated by ConductScience from the counts it posted.
| Comparison | Source |
|---|
Tests 19
The ConductCognition tests this trial's registered outcomes name, as ScienceGraph matched them in trial-tests-2026-11-12-0.2.1.
| Test | Named as | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Card Sorting Test (Berg) | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Digit Span Test | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Probabilistic Reversal Learning | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Stroop Color-Word Test | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Task Switching Test | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Trail Making Test A | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Trail Making Test B | Primary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Alternative Uses Task | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Betting Choice Task | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Delay Discounting | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Ellsberg Urns Task | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Iowa Gambling Lite | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Matrix Reasoning | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| One-Touch Tower Planning | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Remote Associates Test | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Social Value Orientation | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Tower Planning | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
| Verbal Fluency | Secondary outcome | ConductCognition |
Source 5
| Field | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Release | trials-2026-11-12-0.4.0 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Release manifest SHA-256 | 0f4a8d8c48aee2a7573ae0fa94ecbeab70c1adbe449bbc95c424bc7d3e97b9d4 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Registry capture | 2026-11-12 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| Results copy, AACT | 2026-03-23 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| NIH clinical studies file | 2026-11-13 | ClinicalTrials.gov |
Release trials-2026-11-12-0.4.0
ClinicalTrials.gov's posted results, through CTTI's AACT: ClinicalTrials.gov data via Aggregate Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov (AACT), CTTI. CTTI makes its materials freely available and requests acknowledgement. https://aact.ctti-clinicaltrials.org/documentation/299 ClinicalTrials.gov's data carry an international copyright outside the United States: https://clinicaltrials.gov/about-site/terms-conditions.
ClinicalTrials.gov: none stated ClinicalTrials.gov's data carry an international copyright outside the United States: https://clinicaltrials.gov/about-site/terms-conditions.
NIH RePORTER's clinical studies and project files: Public domain (NIH RePORTER)