Paper282602
Chemical synthesis of genes for human insulin.
Crea R and 3 others. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1978. Cited by 145 papers, by iCite.
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ConductScience Library. Chemical synthesis of genes for human insulin. Papers, record 282602. Release papers-2026-11-12-0.1.0, 12 Nov 2026. https://conductscience.org/library/papers/282602
Paper
PubMed's record of the paper, with iCite's citation figures. No abstract is shown.
Topics8
NLM's MeSH indexing of the paper, its major topics first.
| MeSH term | Major |
|---|---|
| Genes | Major topic |
| Insulin | Major topic |
| Oligodeoxyribonucleotides | Major topic |
| Oligonucleotides | Major topic |
| DNA | |
| DNA, Recombinant | |
| Humans | |
| Methods |
Source PubMed
References10
The papers the reference list in PubMed's record names, those in our copy of PubMed, in the list's order.
| Order | PMID | Title | Journal | Year | In Papers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1,069,185 | Synthetic lac operator DNA is functional in vivo. | Nature | 1976 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/1069185 | PubMed |
| 2 | 166,998 | Chemical synthesis and sequence studies of deoxyribooligonucleotides which constitute the duplex sequence of the lactose operator of Escherichia coli. | J Biol Chem | 1975 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/166998 | PubMed |
| 3 | 4,916,859 | [Synthesis of insulin: beginning and progress]. | Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol | 1970 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/4916859 | PubMed |
| 4 | 1,194,600 | Improved triester approach for the synthesis of pentadecathymidylic acid. | J Am Chem Soc | 1975 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/1194600 | PubMed |
| 5 | 10,793,670 | DNA sequence analysis: a general, simple and rapid method for sequencing large oligodeoxyribonucleotide fragments by mapping. | Nucleic Acids Res | 1974 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/10793670 | PubMed |
| 6 | 412,251 | Expression in Escherichia coli of a chemically synthesized gene for the hormone somatostatin. | Science | 1977 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/412251 | PubMed |
| 7 | 192,745 | Sequence analysis of synthetic oligonucleotides by high-performance liquid anion-exchange chromatography. | J Chromatogr | 1977 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/192745 | PubMed |
| 8 | 847,463 | Chemical synthesis of restriction enzyme recognition sites useful for cloning. | Science | 1977 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/847463 | PubMed |
| 9 | 13,724,539 | Resynthesis of insulin from its glycyl and phenylalanyl chains. | Sci Sin | 1961 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/13724539 | PubMed |
| 10 | 190,591 | Arylsulfonyltetrazoles, new coupling reagents and further improvements in the triester method for the synthesis of deoxyribooligonucleotides. | Nucleic Acids Res | 1977 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/190591 | PubMed |
Cited by53
The papers in our copy of PubMed whose reference list names this one, newest first. iCite, which reads more sources, counts 145 citations.
| PMID | Title | Journal | Year | In Papers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 42,293,685 | Engineered bacteria in disease diagnosis and therapy: A synthetic biology perspective. | Synth Syst Biotechnol | 2026 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/42293685 | PubMed |
| 37,872,857 | Pursuing excitonic energy transfer with programmable DNA-based optical breadboards. | Chem Soc Rev | 2023 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/37872857 | PubMed |
| 34,970,535 | Strategies to Enhance Periplasmic Recombinant Protein Production Yields in Escherichia coli. | Front Bioeng Biotechnol | 2021 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/34970535 | PubMed |
| 33,393,501 | The discovery of insulin revisited: lessons for the modern era. | J Clin Invest | 2021 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/33393501 | PubMed |
| 33,340,315 | Making, Cloning, and the Expression of Human Insulin Genes in Bacteria: The Path to Humulin. | Endocr Rev | 2021 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/33340315 | PubMed |
| 23,100,818 | A new life in a bacterium through synthetic genome: a successful venture by craig venter. | Indian J Microbiol | 2010 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/23100818 | PubMed |
| 21,601,685 | Enzymatic assembly of overlapping DNA fragments. | Methods Enzymol | 2011 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/21601685 | PubMed |
| 7,465,419 | Solid-phase synthesis of polynucleotides. III. Synthesis of polynucleotides with defined sequences by the block coupling phosphotriester method. | Nucleic Acids Res | 1980 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/7465419 | PubMed |
| 7,465,418 | Solid-phase synthesis of polynucleotides. II. Synthesis of polythymidylic acids by the block coupling phosphotriester method. | Nucleic Acids Res | 1980 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/7465418 | PubMed |
| 7,443,540 | Rapid synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. IV. Improved solid phase synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides through phosphotriester intermediates. | Nucleic Acids Res | 1980 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/7443540 | PubMed |
| 7,433,092 | Synthesis of oligonucleotides on cellulose by a phosphotriester method. | Nucleic Acids Res | 1980 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/7433092 | PubMed |
| 7,177,853 | New effective method for the synthesis of oligonucleotides via phosphotriester intermediates. | Nucleic Acids Res | 1982 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/7177853 | PubMed |
| 7,177,849 | Polymer supported synthesis of oligonucleotides by a phosphotriester method. | Nucleic Acids Res | 1982 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/7177849 | PubMed |
| 7,111,021 | Simultaneous stability of short alternating Z and B helices in synthetic DNA concatamers. | Nucleic Acids Res | 1982 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/7111021 | PubMed |
| 7,037,514 | New approaches to therapy and diagnosis of diabetes. | Diabetologia | 1982 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/7037514 | PubMed |
| 7,015,337 | Human insulin prepared by recombinant DNA techniques and native human insulin interact identically with insulin receptors. | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | 1981 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/7015337 | PubMed |
| 7,003,541 | The expression in E. coli of synthetic repeating polymeric genes coding for poly(L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine). | Nucleic Acids Res | 1980 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/7003541 | PubMed |
| 6,952,189 | Partial characterization of the mRNA that codes for enkephalins in bovine adrenal medulla and human pheochromocytoma. | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | 1982 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/6952189 | PubMed |
| 6,946,486 | Detection and partial characterization of proenkephalin mRNA. | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | 1981 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/6946486 | PubMed |
| 6,799,890 | Origins of translation: the hypothesis of permanently attached adaptors. | Orig Life | 1981 | https://conductscience.org/library/papers/6799890 | PubMed |
Genes1
The genes the Gene search release ties to the paper: Swiss-Prot's references first, then PubTator's text mining.
| Gene | NCBI Gene ID | Linked by | In Genes |
|---|---|---|---|
| INS | 3,630 | PubTator's text mining | https://conductscience.org/library/genes/3630 |
Source NCBI Gene
Data dates
The date of each source this release read.
- Trials
- 2026-11-12
- Gene search
- 2026-11-11
- Pipelines
- 2026-09-18
None in this release
- Grants
- Trials
- Comments and corrections
- Drugs
- Data
Sources 11
- ChEMBL, through Open TargetsCC BY-SA 3.0
- ClinicalTrials.govNo license stated
- HGNCCC0
- iCiteCC BY 4.0
- NCBI GenePublic domain (US government)
- NIH RePORTER's grant and paper linksPublic domain
- Open TargetsCC0 1.0
- PMC's ID filePublic domain (US government)
- PubMedNLM's terms
- PubTator 3Public domain
- UniProtCC BY 4.0
Each source's terms
- ChEMBL, through Open TargetsCC BY-SA 3.0, for the parts from ChEMBL. Read on 8 Nov 2026 at https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
- ClinicalTrials.govnone stated
- HGNCCC0: https://www.genenames.org/about/license/
- iCiteCC BY 4.0
- NCBI GeneNone named for the file. NCBI says information created by or for the US government on its site is in the public domain, and asks that NLM be acknowledged: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/about/policies/
- NIH RePORTER's grant and paper linksPublic domain (NIH RePORTER)
- Open TargetsCC0 1.0. Open Targets asks that users cite its latest paper: Buniello et al. 2025, Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery, Nucleic Acids Research 53(D1):D1467, PMID 39657122. Read on 8 Nov 2026 at https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
- PMC's ID fileNone named for the file. NCBI says information created by or for the US government on its site is in the public domain, and asks that NLM be acknowledged: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/about/policies/
- PubMedNLM's terms
- PubTator 3Public domain
- UniProtCC BY 4.0. UniProt's licence file: "All databases and documents in the UniProt FTP directory may be copied and redistributed freely, without advance permission, provided that this copyright statement is reproduced with each copy." UniProt asks that users cite its latest paper: The UniProt Consortium, UniProt: the Universal Protein Knowledgebase in 2025, Nucleic Acids Research 53:D609-D617, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae1010. Read on 9 Nov 2026 at https://www.uniprot.org/help/license
ClinicalTrials.gov's data carry an international copyright outside the United States: https://clinicaltrials.gov/about-site/terms-conditions.
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