Disease · EFO_0003963

freckles

6 sourcesdiseases-2026-09-18-0.1.0

Cite this record

ConductScience Library. freckles. Diseases, record EFO_0003963. Release diseases-2026-09-18-0.1.0, 18 Sept 2026. https://conductscience.org/library/diseases/EFO_0003963

On this page

Disease

Names and IDs as Open Targets gives them. Its IDs in MeSH, Orphanet, the Disease Ontology and the NCI Thesaurus are those Open Targets states for it.

Name: freckles; Open Targets
Open Targets ID: EFO_0003963; Open Targets
Other names: Chloasma, Chloasmas, Freckle, Melanism, Melanoses, Melanosis, Melasma, Melasmas, freckling; Open Targets
MeSH: D008548; MeSH
NCI Thesaurus: C112824; NCI Thesaurus
Highest stage of its drugs: Approval, for 8 of its 50 drugs, from DailyMed and TTD; Open Targets

Drugs50

The drugs Open Targets' clinical reports study for the disease, the highest stage first, then the most trial reports. The stage is Open Targets', the highest any of its sources reports for the pair, and each row names the sources that report it.

Drug	ChEMBL ID	Type	Open Targets' stage	Stage reported by	Reports	Of them trials	Trials shown here	Source
HYDROQUINONE	CHEMBL537	Small molecule	Approval	DailyMed and TTD	63	27	27	Drugs and targets
TRETINOIN	CHEMBL38	Small molecule	Approval	DailyMed	12	11	11	Drugs and targets
FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE	CHEMBL989	Small molecule	Approval	DailyMed	7	6	6	Drugs and targets
OXYBENZONE	CHEMBL1625	Small molecule	Approval	DailyMed	8	0	0	Drugs and targets
PADIMATE O	CHEMBL1323699	Small molecule	Approval	DailyMed	6	0	0	Drugs and targets
OCTINOXATE	CHEMBL3183184	Small molecule	Approval	DailyMed	5	0	0	Drugs and targets
AVOBENZONE	CHEMBL1200522	Small molecule	Approval	DailyMed	1	0	0	Drugs and targets
OCTOCRYLENE	CHEMBL1201147	Small molecule	Approval	DailyMed	1	0	0	Drugs and targets
TRANEXAMIC ACID	CHEMBL877	Small molecule	Phase 3	ClinicalTrials.gov	21	21	21	Drugs and targets
CYSTEAMINE	CHEMBL602	Small molecule	Phase 3	ClinicalTrials.gov	2	2	2	Drugs and targets

1 to 10 of 50

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Targets64

The targets ChEMBL's mechanism records give for the disease's drugs, through Open Targets, the most drugs first. A mechanism record says what a drug acts on, not that the target causes the disease.

Target	Protein	Its drugs that act on it	Mechanisms	Highest stage of those drugs	Gene in Genes	Source
NR3C1	Glucocorticoid receptor	13	Glucocorticoid receptor agonist	Approval	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/2908	Drugs and targets
RARA	Retinoic acid receptor	2	Retinoic acid receptor agonist	Approval	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/5914	Drugs and targets
RARB	Retinoic acid receptor	2	Retinoic acid receptor agonist	Approval	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/5915	Drugs and targets
RARG	Retinoic acid receptor	2	Retinoic acid receptor agonist	Approval	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/5916	Drugs and targets
COXFA4	Mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)	1	Mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) inhibitor	Phase 2	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/4697	Drugs and targets
COXFA4L2	Mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)	1	Mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) inhibitor	Phase 2	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/56901	Drugs and targets
GPD2	Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	1	Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor	Phase 2	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/2820	Drugs and targets
HRH1	Histamine H1 receptor	1	Histamine H1 receptor antagonist	Phase 2	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/3269	Drugs and targets
HRH2	Histamine H2 receptor	1	Histamine H2 receptor antagonist	Unknown	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/3274	Drugs and targets
MT-ND1	Mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)	1	Mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) inhibitor	Phase 2	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/4535	Drugs and targets

1 to 10 of 64

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Trials63

Trials an Open Targets clinical report links to the disease, posted results first, then the largest. A trial is shown when the release's checks confirm its link to the disease and Drugs and targets shows its link to one of the disease's drugs.

Trial	Title	Phase	Participants	Results first posted	Conditions	Drugs	Linked by	Source
NCT00669071	Treatment w/ Tri-Luma® Cream & Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) vs a Mild Inactive Control Cream & Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) in Melasma	Phase 4	56	2010-01-11	Melasma	FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE, HYDROQUINONE, TRETINOIN	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01335581	Study of Laser Treatment of Melasma	Not applicable	18	2020-12-28	Refractory Mixed Type Melasma	TRETINOIN	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02977507	Split-face Study Comparing the Cosmetic Efficacy and Tolerability of Two Topical Products in Participants With Moderate Facial Melasma	Not applicable	18	2018-11-07	Melasma	HYDROQUINONE	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT07280234	Comparison of Intradermal Microinjections of Tanexamic Acid and Oral Tranexamic Acid in the Management of Melasma.	Early phase 1	218		Melasma	TRANEXAMIC ACID	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT07169383	Oral Melatonin Versus Oral Tranexamic Acid in the Management of Melasma	Phase 2	160		Melasma (Facial Melasma)	MELATONIN, TRANEXAMIC ACID	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT07327983	Azelaic Acid 20% vs Hydroquinone 4% in Epidermal Melasma	Not applicable	146		Melasma, Melasma (Facial Melasma)	AZELAIC ACID, HYDROQUINONE	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06278948	Efficacy and Tolerability of Test Product Versus Cysteamine 5% in Treatment of Facial Epidermal Melasma	Not applicable	140		Melasma	CYSTEAMINE	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06013540	Comparison Of Efficacy Of Combination Of TAM Formula Vs Kligman Formula For Melasma.	Phase 2	122		Melasma	FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE, HYDROQUINONE, TRETINOIN	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03585179	Oral and Topical Tranexamic Acid for the Treatment of Melasma	Phase 3	120		Melasma, Chloasma, Melanosis	HYDROQUINONE, TRANEXAMIC ACID	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00717652	Efficiency And Safety Of Association Arbutin, Triamcinolone And Tretinoin In Treatment Of Melasma	Phase 2/3	110		Melasma	ARBUTIN, TRETINOIN, TRIAMCINOLONE	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov

1 to 10 of 63

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Comparisons in its trials5

Comparisons Trial comparisons calculated in the trials shown here, most participants first. A comparison in one of these trials does not always compare a treatment for the disease, so read the two groups.

Comparison	Group 1, with the outcome	Group 2, with the outcome	Participants	Trial	Source
Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) / Tri-Luma® Cream vs Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) / Inactive Control Cream: Number of Participants With Tolerability Assessments Resulting in Adverse Events	1 of 56	0 of 56	112	NCT00669071	Trial comparisons
Laser Treatment vs Control Group: deaths from any cause	0 of 9	0 of 9	18	NCT01335581	Trial comparisons
Laser Treatment vs Control Group: serious adverse events	0 of 9	0 of 9	18	NCT01335581	Trial comparisons
Left Side Lytera 2.0, Right Side 4% Hydroquinone vs Left Side 4% Hydroquinone, Right Side Lytera 2.0: deaths from any cause	0 of 8	0 of 10	18	NCT02977507	Trial comparisons
Left Side Lytera 2.0, Right Side 4% Hydroquinone vs Left Side 4% Hydroquinone, Right Side Lytera 2.0: serious adverse events	1 of 8	0 of 10	18	NCT02977507	Trial comparisons

Papers from its trials24

The papers the trials shown here list on ClinicalTrials.gov as their results (RESULT) or as drawn from them (DERIVED), results first, newest first.

PMID	Listed as	Trials listing it	Source
39369111	RESULT	1	PubMed
38896402	RESULT	1	PubMed
38192412	RESULT	1	PubMed
37620285	RESULT	1	PubMed
35357753	RESULT	1	PubMed
33849384	RESULT	1	PubMed
32856757	RESULT	1	PubMed
32649234	RESULT	1	PubMed
31502392	RESULT	1	PubMed
31354327	RESULT	1	PubMed

1 to 10 of 24

See all 24 papers from its trials

Data dates

The date of each source this release read.

Open Targets: 2026-09-18; Open Targets
Drug links and their checks, from Drugs and targets: 2026-09-18; Drugs and targets
ClinicalTrials.gov, from Trials: 2026-11-12; Trials
Comparisons, from Trial comparisons: 2026-03-23; Trial comparisons
PubMed, for the checks: 2026-11-06; PubMed
MeSH, for the checks: 2026-11-10; MeSH

Sources 6

ClinicalTrials.gov's posted results, through CTTI's AACTFreely available. Acknowledgement requested
ChEMBL, through Open TargetsCC BY-SA 3.0
ClinicalTrials.govNo license stated
NLM's MeSHNLM's terms
Open TargetsCC0 1.0
PubMedNLM's terms

Each source's terms

ClinicalTrials.gov's posted results, through CTTI's AACTClinicalTrials.gov data via Aggregate Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov (AACT), CTTI. CTTI makes its materials freely available and requests acknowledgement. https://aact.ctti-clinicaltrials.org/documentation/299
ChEMBL, through Open TargetsCC BY-SA 3.0, for the parts from ChEMBL. Read on 8 Nov 2026 at https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
ClinicalTrials.govnone stated
NLM's MeSHNLM's
Open TargetsCC0 1.0. Open Targets asks that users cite its latest paper: Buniello et al. 2025, Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery, Nucleic Acids Research 53(D1):D1467, PMID 39657122. Read on 8 Nov 2026 at https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
PubMedNLM's terms

ClinicalTrials.gov's data carry an international copyright outside the United States: https://clinicaltrials.gov/about-site/terms-conditions.

For software

Read this disease from software.

The record and each of its lists are JSON, twenty rows a page. No key.

GET https://conductscience.org/api/diseases/v1/EFO_0003963

GET https://conductscience.org/api/diseases/v1/EFO_0003963/drugs?page=2

API reference For AI assistants