Disease · EFO_0004699
gambling behaviour
6 sourcesdiseases-2026-09-18-0.1.0
Cite this record
ConductScience Library. gambling behaviour. Diseases, record EFO_0004699. Release diseases-2026-09-18-0.1.0, 18 Sept 2026. https://conductscience.org/library/diseases/EFO_0004699
On this page
Disease
Names and IDs as Open Targets gives them. Its IDs in MeSH, Orphanet, the Disease Ontology and the NCI Thesaurus are those Open Targets states for it.
Drugs12
The drugs Open Targets' clinical reports study for the disease, the highest stage first, then the most trial reports. The stage is Open Targets', the highest any of its sources reports for the pair, and each row names the sources that report it.
| Drug | ChEMBL ID | Type | Open Targets' stage | Stage reported by | Reports | Of them trials | Trials shown here | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOPIRAMATE | CHEMBL220492 | Small molecule | Phase 3 | ClinicalTrials.gov | 2 | 2 | 2 | Drugs and targets |
| OLANZAPINE | CHEMBL715 | Small molecule | Phase 3 | ClinicalTrials.gov | 1 | 1 | 1 | Drugs and targets |
| NALMEFENE | CHEMBL982 | Small molecule | Phase 2/3 | ClinicalTrials.gov | 1 | 1 | 1 | Drugs and targets |
| NALTREXONE | CHEMBL19019 | Small molecule | Phase 2 | ClinicalTrials.gov | 2 | 2 | 2 | Drugs and targets |
| ECOPIPAM | CHEMBL298406 | Small molecule | Phase 2 | ClinicalTrials.gov | 1 | 1 | 1 | Drugs and targets |
| MEMANTINE | CHEMBL807 | Small molecule | Phase 2 | ClinicalTrials.gov | 1 | 1 | 1 | Drugs and targets |
| MILK THISTLE | CHEMBL2108623 | Phase 2 | ClinicalTrials.gov | 1 | 1 | 1 | Drugs and targets | |
| NALMEFENE HYDROCHLORIDE | CHEMBL1201152 | Small molecule | Phase 2 | ClinicalTrials.gov | 1 | 1 | 1 | Drugs and targets |
| NALOXONE HYDROCHLORIDE | CHEMBL1718 | Small molecule | Phase 2 | ClinicalTrials.gov | 1 | 1 | 1 | Drugs and targets |
| SILYMARIN | CHEMBL4630684 | Phase 2 | ClinicalTrials.gov | 1 | 1 | 1 | Drugs and targets |
1 to 10 of 12
See all 12 drugsTargets54
The targets ChEMBL's mechanism records give for the disease's drugs, through Open Targets, the most drugs first. A mechanism record says what a drug acts on, not that the target causes the disease.
| Target | Protein | Its drugs that act on it | Mechanisms | Highest stage of those drugs | Gene in Genes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OPRD1 | Delta-type opioid receptor | 3 | Delta opioid receptor antagonist; Opioid receptors; mu/kappa/delta antagonist | Phase 2/3 | https://conductscience.org/library/genes/4985 | Drugs and targets |
| OPRK1 | Kappa-type opioid receptor | 3 | Kappa opioid receptor partial agonist; Opioid receptors; mu/kappa/delta antagonist | Phase 2/3 | https://conductscience.org/library/genes/4986 | Drugs and targets |
| OPRM1 | Mu-type opioid receptor | 3 | Mu opioid receptor antagonist; Opioid receptors; mu/kappa/delta antagonist | Phase 2/3 | https://conductscience.org/library/genes/4988 | Drugs and targets |
| CA2 | Carbonic anhydrase 2 | 1 | Carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor | Phase 3 | https://conductscience.org/library/genes/760 | Drugs and targets |
| CA4 | Carbonic anhydrase 4 | 1 | Carbonic anhydrase IV inhibitor | Phase 3 | https://conductscience.org/library/genes/762 | Drugs and targets |
| COMT | Catechol O-methyltransferase | 1 | Catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitor | Phase 2 | https://conductscience.org/library/genes/1312 | Drugs and targets |
| DRD1 | D(1A) dopamine receptor | 1 | Dopamine D1 receptor antagonist | Phase 2 | https://conductscience.org/library/genes/1812 | Drugs and targets |
| DRD2 | D2-like dopamine receptor | 1 | D2-like dopamine receptor antagonist | Phase 3 | https://conductscience.org/library/genes/1813 | Drugs and targets |
| DRD3 | D2-like dopamine receptor | 1 | D2-like dopamine receptor antagonist | Phase 3 | https://conductscience.org/library/genes/1814 | Drugs and targets |
| DRD4 | D2-like dopamine receptor | 1 | D2-like dopamine receptor antagonist | Phase 3 | https://conductscience.org/library/genes/1815 | Drugs and targets |
1 to 10 of 54
See all 54 targetsTrials11
Trials an Open Targets clinical report links to the disease, posted results first, then the largest. A trial is shown when the release's checks confirm its link to the disease and Drugs and targets shows its link to one of the disease's drugs. 1 more is not shown, since the checks do not confirm it.
| Trial | Title | Phase | Participants | Results first posted | Conditions | Drugs | Linked by | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT02337634 | Milk Thistle in Pathological Gambling | Phase 2 | 55 | 2024-09-04 | Pathological Gambling, Gambling Disorder | MILK THISTLE, SILYMARIN | Open Targets' reading, confirmed by NLM's indexing of its papers | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| NCT00245583 | Topiramate in the Treatment of Pathological Gambling | Phase 3 | 42 | 2019-07-02 | Pathological Gambling | TOPIRAMATE | Open Targets' reading, confirmed by NLM's indexing of its papers | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| NCT01215357 | Clinical Study to Determine if Ecopipam Can Reduce Urges to Gamble | Phase 2 | 34 | 2013-02-12 | Pathological Gambling | ECOPIPAM | Open Targets' reading, confirmed by NLM's indexing of its papers | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| NCT00585169 | Memantine Treatment Study of Pathological Gambling | Phase 2 | 29 | 2013-04-08 | Pathological Gambling | MEMANTINE | Open Targets' reading, confirmed by NLM's indexing of its papers | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| NCT00927563 | Tolcapone Treatment of Pathological Gambling | Phase 2 | 24 | 2014-03-06 | Pathological Gambling | TOLCAPONE | Open Targets' reading, confirmed by NLM's indexing of its papers | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| NCT01057862 | Investigation of Naltrexone for Pathological Gambling | Phase 2 | 9 | 2017-09-12 | Pathological Gambling | NALMEFENE HYDROCHLORIDE, NALTREXONE | Open Targets' reading, confirmed by NLM's indexing of its papers | ClinicalTrials.gov |
| NCT00132119 | Nalmefene Gambling Study: Study of Nalmefene HCl in the Treatment of Pathological Gambling | Phase 2/3 | 233 | Pathological Gambling | NALMEFENE | Open Targets' reading of its record | ClinicalTrials.gov | |
| NCT03430180 | Effects of Intranasal Naloxone on Gambling Urges and Craving in Gambling Disorder | Phase 2 | 126 | Pathological Gambling, Gambling Disorder, Opioid Antagonist, Naloxone | NALOXONE HYDROCHLORIDE | Open Targets' reading of its record | ClinicalTrials.gov | |
| NCT00438776 | Safety and Efficacy Trial of Olanzapine in Outpatients With Pathological Gambling | Phase 3 | 42 | Pathological Gambling | OLANZAPINE | Open Targets' reading, confirmed by NLM's indexing of its papers | ClinicalTrials.gov | |
| NCT04738773 | RCT for Gambling and Naltrexone, Using Use Eye-tracking Analysis to Predict Treatment Response | Phase 2 | 40 | Eye Tracking, Gambling Disorder, Naltrexone | NALTREXONE | Open Targets' reading, confirmed by NLM's indexing of its papers | ClinicalTrials.gov |
1 to 10 of 11
See all 11 trialsComparisons in its trials6
Comparisons Trial comparisons calculated in the trials shown here, most participants first. A comparison in one of these trials does not always compare a treatment for the disease, so read the two groups.
| Comparison | Group 1, with the outcome | Group 2, with the outcome | Participants | Trial | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milk Thistle vs Placebo: deaths from any cause | 0 of 17 | 0 of 26 | 43 | NCT02337634 | Trial comparisons |
| Milk Thistle vs Placebo: serious adverse events | 0 of 17 | 0 of 26 | 43 | NCT02337634 | Trial comparisons |
| Topiramate vs Placebo: deaths from any cause | 0 of 20 | 0 of 22 | 42 | NCT00245583 | Trial comparisons |
| Topiramate vs Placebo: serious adverse events | 0 of 20 | 0 of 22 | 42 | NCT00245583 | Trial comparisons |
| Naltrexone vs Placebo: deaths from any cause | 0 of 5 | 0 of 4 | 9 | NCT01057862 | Trial comparisons |
| Naltrexone vs Placebo: serious adverse events | 0 of 5 | 0 of 4 | 9 | NCT01057862 | Trial comparisons |
Papers from its trials7
The papers the trials shown here list on ClinicalTrials.gov as their results (RESULT) or as drawn from them (DERIVED), results first, newest first.
Data dates
The date of each source this release read.
Sources 6
- ClinicalTrials.gov's posted results, through CTTI's AACTFreely available. Acknowledgement requested
- ChEMBL, through Open TargetsCC BY-SA 3.0
- ClinicalTrials.govNo license stated
- NLM's MeSHNLM's terms
- Open TargetsCC0 1.0
- PubMedNLM's terms
Each source's terms
- ClinicalTrials.gov's posted results, through CTTI's AACTClinicalTrials.gov data via Aggregate Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov (AACT), CTTI. CTTI makes its materials freely available and requests acknowledgement. https://aact.ctti-clinicaltrials.org/documentation/299
- ChEMBL, through Open TargetsCC BY-SA 3.0, for the parts from ChEMBL. Read on 8 Nov 2026 at https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
- ClinicalTrials.govnone stated
- NLM's MeSHNLM's
- Open TargetsCC0 1.0. Open Targets asks that users cite its latest paper: Buniello et al. 2025, Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery, Nucleic Acids Research 53(D1):D1467, PMID 39657122. Read on 8 Nov 2026 at https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
- PubMedNLM's terms
ClinicalTrials.gov's data carry an international copyright outside the United States: https://clinicaltrials.gov/about-site/terms-conditions.
For software
Read this disease from software.
The record and each of its lists are JSON, twenty rows a page. No key.
GET https://conductscience.org/api/diseases/v1/EFO_0004699
GET https://conductscience.org/api/diseases/v1/EFO_0004699/targets?page=2