Disease · HP_0002104

Apnea

6 sourcesdiseases-2026-09-18-0.1.0

Cite this record

ConductScience Library. Apnea. Diseases, record HP_0002104. Release diseases-2026-09-18-0.1.0, 18 Sept 2026. https://conductscience.org/library/diseases/HP_0002104

On this page

Disease

Names and IDs as Open Targets gives them. Its IDs in MeSH, Orphanet, the Disease Ontology and the NCI Thesaurus are those Open Targets states for it.

Name: Apnea
Open Targets ID: HP_0002104
Other names: Absence of spontaneous respiration, Apneic episodes, Apnoea
Highest stage of its drugs: Approval, for 2 of its 10 drugs, from DailyMed, EMA Human Drugs and PMDA

Source Open Targets

Drugs10

The drugs Open Targets' clinical reports study for the disease, the highest stage first, then the most trial reports. The stage is Open Targets', the highest any of its sources reports for the pair, and each row names the sources that report it.

Drug	ChEMBL ID	Type	Open Targets' stage	Stage reported by	Reports	Of them trials	Trials shown here	Source
CAFFEINE CITRATE	CHEMBL1200569	Small molecule	Approval	EMA Human Drugs	11	10	10	Drugs and targets
CAFFEINE	CHEMBL113	Small molecule	Approval	DailyMed, EMA Human Drugs and PMDA	7	2	2	Drugs and targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE	CHEMBL20	Small molecule	Phase 3	ClinicalTrials.gov	2	2	2	Drugs and targets
BUSPIRONE	CHEMBL49	Small molecule	Phase 3	ClinicalTrials.gov	1	1	1	Drugs and targets
ESZOPICLONE	CHEMBL1522	Small molecule	Phase 2	ClinicalTrials.gov	1	1	1	Drugs and targets
IBUPROFEN	CHEMBL521	Small molecule	Phase 2	ClinicalTrials.gov	1	1	1	Drugs and targets
VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE	CHEMBL1201066	Small molecule	Phase 2	ClinicalTrials.gov	1	1	1	Drugs and targets
XANTHINE	CHEMBL1424	Small molecule	Phase 1	TTD	1	0	0	Drugs and targets
ERYTHROMYCIN	CHEMBL532	Small molecule	Unknown	ClinicalTrials.gov	1	1	1	Drugs and targets
OXYGEN	CHEMBL1234886	Small molecule	Unknown	ClinicalTrials.gov	1	1	1	Drugs and targets

Targets29

The targets ChEMBL's mechanism records give for the disease's drugs, through Open Targets, the most drugs first. A mechanism record says what a drug acts on, not that the target causes the disease.

Target	Protein	Its drugs that act on it	Mechanisms	Highest stage of those drugs	Gene in Genes	Source
ADORA1	Adenosine receptor	2	Adenosine receptor antagonist	Approval	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/134	Drugs and targets
ADORA2A	Adenosine receptor	2	Adenosine receptor antagonist	Approval	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/135	Drugs and targets
ADORA2B	Adenosine receptor	2	Adenosine receptor antagonist	Approval	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/136	Drugs and targets
ADORA3	Adenosine receptor	2	Adenosine receptor antagonist	Approval	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/140	Drugs and targets
CA1	Carbonic anhydrase 1	1	Carbonic anhydrase I inhibitor	Phase 3	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/759	Drugs and targets
CA12	Carbonic anhydrase 12	1	Carbonic anhydrase XII inhibitor	Phase 3	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/771	Drugs and targets
CA2	Carbonic anhydrase 2	1	Carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor	Phase 3	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/760	Drugs and targets
CA4	Carbonic anhydrase 4	1	Carbonic anhydrase IV inhibitor	Phase 3	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/762	Drugs and targets
GABRA1	GABA-A receptor; anion channel	1	GABA-A receptor; anion channel positive allosteric modulator	Phase 2	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/2554	Drugs and targets
GABRA2	GABA-A receptor; anion channel	1	GABA-A receptor; anion channel positive allosteric modulator	Phase 2	https://conductscience.org/library/genes/2555	Drugs and targets

1 to 10 of 29

See all 29 targets

Trials17

Trials an Open Targets clinical report links to the disease, posted results first, then the largest. A trial is shown when the release's checks confirm its link to the disease and Drugs and targets shows its link to one of the disease's drugs.

Trial	Title	Phase	Participants	Results first posted	Conditions	Drugs	Linked by	Source
NCT03340727	Moderately Preterm Infants With Caffeine at Home for Apnea (MoCHA) Trial	Phase 3	827	2024-06-28	Apnea of Prematurity	CAFFEINE CITRATE	Open Targets' reading of its record	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00809055	MRI and Neurodevelopment in Preterm Infants Following Administration of High-Dose Caffeine	Phase 4	74	2016-02-24	Apnea of Prematurity, Intraventricular Hemorrhage, Brain Injury	CAFFEINE CITRATE	Open Targets' reading of its record	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02726178	Cardio-respiratory Events and Inflammatory Response After Primary Immunization in Preterm Infants	Phase 2	56	2017-06-05	Complication Due to Immunization	IBUPROFEN	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04639193	Combination Drug-Therapy for Patients With Untreated Obstructive Sleep Apnea	Phase 2	20	2024-05-02	OSA, Obstructive Sleep Apnea	ACETAZOLAMIDE, ESZOPICLONE, VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Open Targets' reading of its record	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00746954	Buspirone as a Potential Treatment for Recurrent Central Apnea	Phase 3	8	2016-03-14	Central Apnea, Heart Failure	ACETAZOLAMIDE, BUSPIRONE	Open Targets' reading of its record	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06401083	The Effect of an Additional Pre-extubational Loading Dose of Caffeine-citrate	Phase 4	226		Apnea of Prematurity, Premature Birth, Respiratory Failure	CAFFEINE CITRATE	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01020357	Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity-Sleep (CAP-S) Study	Phase 3	201		Apnea of Prematurity	CAFFEINE CITRATE	Open Targets' reading of its record	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06026163	Caffeine as an Adjuvant Therapy for Late Preterm Infants With Respiratory Distress	Phase 2/3	134		Prematurity, Respiratory Disease, Ventilator Lung; Newborn	CAFFEINE CITRATE	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03478774	Physiology Regarding Apnoeic Oxygenation During Nasal Cannula Therapy at Different Flow Rates	Not applicable	125		Apnoeic Oxygenation	OXYGEN	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01435486	Caffeine Citrate for the Treatment of Apnea Associated With Bronchiolitis in Young Infants	Not applicable	90		Bronchiolitis, Apnea, Caffeine	CAFFEINE CITRATE	Its record names the disease	ClinicalTrials.gov

1 to 10 of 17

See all 17 trials

Comparisons in its trials9

Comparisons Trial comparisons calculated in the trials shown here, most participants first. A comparison in one of these trials does not always compare a treatment for the disease, so read the two groups.

Comparison	Group 1, with the outcome	Group 2, with the outcome	Participants	Trial	Source
Caffeine vs Placebo: deaths from any cause	1 of 416	0 of 411	827	NCT03340727	Trial comparisons
Caffeine vs Placebo: serious adverse events	12 of 416	22 of 411	827	NCT03340727	Trial comparisons
High Dose Caffeine vs Standard Dose Caffeine: Mortality Rates	7 of 37	5 of 37	74	NCT00809055	Trial comparisons
High Dose Caffeine vs Standard Dose Caffeine: Rates of Chronic Lung Disease	19 of 37	18 of 37	74	NCT00809055	Trial comparisons
High Dose Caffeine vs Standard Dose Caffeine: Rates of Necrotizing Enterocolitis	6 of 37	5 of 37	74	NCT00809055	Trial comparisons
High Dose Caffeine vs Standard Dose Caffeine: Rates of Retinopathy of Prematurity	2 of 37	4 of 37	74	NCT00809055	Trial comparisons
High Dose Caffeine vs Standard Dose Caffeine: serious adverse events	0 of 37	0 of 37	74	NCT00809055	Trial comparisons
High Dose Caffeine vs Standard Dose Caffeine: Cerebellar Hemorrhage	10 of 28	3 of 30	58	NCT00809055	Trial comparisons
Advil® Pediatric Drops for Infants vs Control: serious adverse events	0 of 28	0 of 28	56	NCT02726178	Trial comparisons

Papers from its trials11

The papers the trials shown here list on ClinicalTrials.gov as their results (RESULT) or as drawn from them (DERIVED), results first, newest first.

PMID	Listed as	Trials listing it	Source
25171195	RESULT	1	PubMed
25126039	RESULT	1	PubMed
40294395	DERIVED	1	PubMed
39804861	DERIVED	1	PubMed
39514000	DERIVED	1	PubMed
37262066	DERIVED	1	PubMed
36301511	DERIVED	1	PubMed
36170281	DERIVED	1	PubMed
33277284	DERIVED	1	PubMed
31300494	DERIVED	1	PubMed

1 to 10 of 11

See all 11 papers from its trials

Data dates

The date of each source this release read.

Open Targets: 2026-09-18; Open Targets
Drug links and their checks, from Drugs and targets: 2026-09-18; Drugs and targets
ClinicalTrials.gov, from Trials: 2026-11-12; Trials
Comparisons, from Trial comparisons: 2026-03-23; Trial comparisons
PubMed, for the checks: 2026-11-06; PubMed
MeSH, for the checks: 2026-11-10; MeSH

Sources 6

ClinicalTrials.gov's posted results, through CTTI's AACTFreely available. Acknowledgement requested
ChEMBL, through Open TargetsCC BY-SA 3.0
ClinicalTrials.govNo license stated
NLM's MeSHNLM's terms
Open TargetsCC0 1.0
PubMedNLM's terms

Each source's terms

ClinicalTrials.gov's posted results, through CTTI's AACTClinicalTrials.gov data via Aggregate Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov (AACT), CTTI. CTTI makes its materials freely available and requests acknowledgement. https://aact.ctti-clinicaltrials.org/documentation/299
ChEMBL, through Open TargetsCC BY-SA 3.0, for the parts from ChEMBL. Read on 8 Nov 2026 at https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
ClinicalTrials.govnone stated
NLM's MeSHNLM's
Open TargetsCC0 1.0. Open Targets asks that users cite its latest paper: Buniello et al. 2025, Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery, Nucleic Acids Research 53(D1):D1467, PMID 39657122. Read on 8 Nov 2026 at https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
PubMedNLM's terms

ClinicalTrials.gov's data carry an international copyright outside the United States: https://clinicaltrials.gov/about-site/terms-conditions.

For software

Read this disease from software.

The record and each of its lists are JSON, twenty rows a page. No key.

GET https://conductscience.org/api/diseases/v1/HP_0002104

GET https://conductscience.org/api/diseases/v1/HP_0002104/targets?page=2

API reference For AI assistants